The Operation Of The Synchronous Motor

       A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor distinguished by a rotor spinning with coils passing magnets at the same rate as the power supply frequency and resulting rotating magnetic field which drives it. Synchronous motor can be contrasted with an induction motor, which must slip in order to produce torque. It operates synchronously with line frequency. It is available in sub-fractional self-excited size to high-horsepower direct-current excited industrial size.
       The operation of a synchronous motor is simple to imagine. The armature winding, when excited by a poly-phase (usually 3-phase) supply, creates a rotating magnetic field inside the motor. The field winding, which acts as a permanent magnet, simply locks in with the rotating magnetic field and rotates along with it. During operation, as the field locks in with the rotating magnetic field, the motor is said to be in synchronization.
Once the motor is in operation, the speed of the motor is dependent only on the supply frequency. When the motor load is increased beyond the breakdown load, the motor falls out of synchronization i.e., the applied load is large enough to pull out the field winding from following the rotating magnetic field. The motor immediately stalls after it falls out of synchronization.
       The synchronous motor has the following advantages over non-synchronous motors:

1. Speed is independent of the load, provided an adequate field current is applied.
2. Accurate control in speed and position using open loop controls.
3. It will hold its position when a DC current is applied to both the stator and the rotor windings.
4. Its power factor can be adjusted to unity by using a proper field current relative to the load.
5. Its construction allows for increased electrical efficiency when a low speed is required.
6. It runs either at the synchronous speed or they do not run at all.

The Economical Plastic Home Appliances, Plastic Pallets and Outdoor Furniture

       Do you have a limited budget, but still want to design a new look for your house? You should try to use some plastic home appliances. The first item I want to introduce are plastic pallets. They are pallets made of a variety of plastics both virgin and recycled materials. Plastic pallets are often chosen over traditional wood pallets because they offer benefits which wood can not. Some benefits over wood include the ability to easily sanitize plastic pallets, resistance to odor, longer service life span, and lighter weight, thus saving transportation and labor costs.

       Plastic pallets are available in a wide variety. You need to know how much weight you are putting on a pallet and how it will be used and handled to select the proper type of pallet for your application. When looking at what you are putting on the pallet, capacities are based on evenly distributed loads. If you are putting coils or bags of product, the weight is not evenly distributed. The following should help a bit in explaining the different plastic pallet designs available.

       While plastic pallets help you place your things in order at home; on the other hand, plastic outdoor furniture can make your yard’s maintenance much easier. Compared to the traditional metal ones, plastic outdoor furniture is easier to clean and is able to sustain long. Plastic is the weather endurable material. Whether it rains or snows, you don't have to spend extra time to take care!

Comparison Between Centrifugal Compressors and Centrifugal Blowers

       Centrifugal compressors are a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work-absorbing turbomachinery. The idealized compressive dynamic turbo-machine achieves a pressure rise by adding kinetic energy/velocity to a continuous flow of fluid through the rotor or impeller. This kinetic energy is then converted to an increase in potential energy/static pressure by slowing the flow through a diffuser.

       Centrifugal compressors are also similar to centrifugal blowers as they both increase pressure with the benefit of increasing radius. In contrast to centrifugal blowers, compressors operate at higher speeds to generate greater pressure rises. In many cases the engineering methods used to design centrifugal blowers are the same as those to design centrifugal compressors. As a result, they can at times look very similar.

This relationship is less true in comparison to a squirrel-cage fan. For purposes of generalization and definition, it can be said that centrifugal compressors often have density increases greater than 5 percent. Also, they often experience relative fluid velocities above Mach number 0.3 when the working fluid is air or nitrogen. In contrast, fans or blowers are often considered to have density increases of less than 5 percent and peak relative fluid velocities below Mach 0.3.

The Fingerprint Safe Makes Your Home Safe

       Fingerprint safe is the easiest way to lock away your prized possessions. Often times, we people tend to forget a lot of things. We, most often than not, forget our important passwords. Thankfully, because of new technology advancements, this newly invented safe which only requires your fingerprint has been a new convenience to those people who have movable or wall safes.  No more hassle of remembering your lock key code or trying hard to keep safe the key to your vault. All you need is your finger and, voila, you can instantaneously gain access to your safe.

       The fingerprint safe that made its way to the top is the Biobox biometric fingerprint safe. Its best feature is the modern swipe fingerprint scanner for its owner recognition. Just swipe your finger to release the lock and it will open in approximately less than a second. It also does not need external computer or power to function. It just requires batteries. If ever the batteries are down, then an auxiliary adapter can be conveniently plugged to have an alternate source of power. It also comes with security keys just in case the battery fails. The Biobox all-steel structure provides a secure way to store valuables and will allow you to have easy access to your ‘swag’. Its sleek design also allows the owner to bring it even when traveling.

Fingerprint wall safes work like magic. It is safe and effective. It only works on known fingerprints and it is safe enough to store guns, jewelry, money, important papers and other valuable assets as well. A fingerprint gun safe is designed to protect gun owners and its loved ones from probable harm and it ensures the best possible security to the family, especially to the children. Having a biometric gun safe is a great idea in terms of safety.

       However, if you do not still have enough money to purchase a fingerprint pistol safe, then a home safe with a lock or code will still do. It also offers perfect protection of jewelry, money, valuables, passports and important papers. It is one of deterrents from robbery and provides needed security from fire and climate changes. As an alternative element for household appliances, it could offer you an extra protection of all your valuables without manpower involved. All you need to do is to find a perfect one, and then keep it in a proper space; you will be able to lock everything up in safety.

With Gooseneck Lamp, You Can Read In Any Position You Want!

       The gooseneck lamp is designed with a flexible and adjustable shaft, allowing the user to position the light source without moving the fixture or item to be illuminated. If you love reading, it will be a perfect lighting source for you. So, the common type of gooseneck lamp is placed on desktops. This lighting is particularly useful for those who need to adjust the focus of the light. Unlike a standard lamp that only shines light in one direction, a gooseneck light can be bent and manipulated in order to shine the light in different directions. Then, the light can easily be replaced to its original position when no longer in use.

       Besides, if you are tired of reading in front of desk and want to read books by lying down comfortably, the gooseneck lamp can also be installed over the headboard of a bed. In this way, one may choose to turn on the gooseneck light in order to read while in bed or to perform other tasks. For couples, a gooseneck light over the bed can be particularly helpful, as the light can be bent in such a way that it shines over only one person while reading in bed. This allows the other person to sleep without being disturbed by the light.

Comparison Between Centrifugal Compressors and Centrifugal Blowers

       Centrifugal compressors are a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work-absorbing turbomachinery. The idealized compressive dynamic turbo-machine achieves a pressure rise by adding kinetic energy/velocity to a continuous flow of fluid through the rotor or impeller. This kinetic energy is then converted to an increase in potential energy/static pressure by slowing the flow through a diffuser.

       Centrifugal compressors are also similar to centrifugal blowers as they both increase pressure with the benefit of increasing radius. In contrast to centrifugal blowers, compressors operate at higher speeds to generate greater pressure rises. In many cases the engineering methods used to design centrifugal blowers are the same as those to design centrifugal compressors. As a result, they can at times look very similar.

This relationship is less true in comparison to a squirrel-cage fan. For purposes of generalization and definition, it can be said that centrifugal compressors often have density increases greater than 5 percent. Also, they often experience relative fluid velocities above Mach number 0.3 when the working fluid is air or nitrogen. In contrast, fans or blowers are often considered to have density increases of less than 5 percent and peak relative fluid velocities below Mach 0.3.

Painting first or the automotive accessory?

Some people would like to have their cars painted in fancy color, symbols, or picture over the body part. But for some people, they would choose to save those cost on getting great quality of automotive accessory instead of fancy painting.

Besides the engine and gearbox, other parts are mostly changeable to fit your requirements. Maybe you would like better shock absorber to have a comfortable driving. Maybe you need more specific gauges to check the status of your car. Each automotive accessory can be replaced if you.

If you put the convenience and comfortability way before the fancy look, then you should pay more attention on the automotive accessory, think, search, and get the right one you need.

Safety Considerations of Pallet Rack

Because of the size and weight of pallets, important safety factors have to be considered at all times:

1. Pay attention to any loose components in the pallet rack system, and take the time to report any damage in the pallet rack frame; such frame damage could cause the pallets to fall.
2. It is the owner’s legal responsibility to communicate this important warning to all who are around storage racks:
   “Never climb on racks during or after assembly. Storage racks are not designed to be stepped on or climbed on. A slip or fall may result in serious injury.”
   It is especially important to have highly visible warning signs if the pallet rack system is used in retail environments, such as wholesale centers, where the public is present.
3. Use only quality pallets that are not damaged. To save money, or perhaps from neglectful management, some warehouses use pallets until they become faulty and dangerous. Regular inspection of pallets for broken or fractured planks or stringers, protruding nails, and missing support blocks is essential. Damaged pallets can cause loading and unloading problems; for example, loose stringers can get hung up on the pallet racks, which can cause loads to fall from high positions. Also, faulty pallets can cause obstruction problems in flow systems by jamming certain pallet rack designs.
4. Always ensure that the proper motorized equipment is being used for the application.
5. Do not obstruct the end of aisles by staging pallets in these areas. Doing so can cause severe and potentially fatal injuries and accidents.
6. Never overload or exceed the recommended load specifications for a racking system. Overloading may cause a catastrophic failure of your storage rack system.
7. Rack Audits (safety checks) should be performed on a regular basis by a qualified inspector familiar with RMI design and safety standards to make sure all aspects of system are up to 100% operationally safety.

Making a Frame Saw

Here's a pretty simple frame saw I made using a 24" section of bandsaw blade tensioned across arms and stretchers made of hard maple. A frame saw can be used to resaw thick boards, or to rip wide boards. It is much more efficient than a hand saw in these applications due to its narrow kerf. The blade should be under high tension, and should emit a high-pitched "ping" when plucked. Here's a rough outline of how I made mine:

I made the frame from hard maple. The arms are 24" long and the stretchers are 18" across. The wider the stretches are, the easier it is to balance the saw while sawing (similar to a tight-rope walker using a long pole to balance himself.) I made hand-holds and rounded over all the edges of the saw using a drawknife, spokeshave, and finally, some light sanding.

The stretchers are joined to the arms with half-blind dovetails. Due to the stresses involved in resawing, I believe this joint will be stronger in the long - run than a mortise and tenon. A 1/4" deep slot was also cut to accept each end of the blade. The slot keeps the blade from twisting during use.

Afterwards, I used two 4 inch long 1/2" bolts to hold the blade. One was a carriage bolt, one was a regular hex-head. I hack-sawed the head off the regular bolt, and cut a slot down the middle. I also trimmed the carriage bolt to length, and cut a slot. I files flats on the sides of the bolts to drill a hole through the bolt. The hole in the bolt matches up to a hold drilled in the blade. When assembled, a small bolt is inserted though the blade and secured with a small nut. The carriage bolt, which near the end has a square shank, fits into a square cut-out in the stretcher. This prevents the carriage bolt from twi sting during use.

Finally, when assembled, the carriage bolt holds one end of the blade stationary, while tension is applied by turning a large wing nut on the other.

What is a Ferrite Magnet?

Ferrite magnets are a large class of magnets that include chemical compounds such as hematite (Fe₂₃) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄), which is the most magnetic naturally occurring mineral on Earth. Every ferrite magnet is a ceramic, and of course a magnet, meaning it attracts other ferromagnetic materials and attracts or repels other magnets. A ferrite magnet is the most simple type of magnet, in contrast to more sophisticated magnets like Alnico magnets or neodymium magnets (rare-earth magnets). Ferrite magnets are permanent magnets, unlike electromagnets which are only magnetic when supplied with an electric current.

The first magnets that one is exposed to as a child are likely to be ferrite magnets, as they are the cheapest and most common. The stereotypical magnetic interaction one typically sees is the interaction between a ferrite magnet, usually magnetite, with iron filings. The resulting pattern that the filings are pulled into reveals the shape of the magnetic field produced by the magnet. The Earth itself produces a similar magnetic field, though trillions of times larger and about 10,000 times weaker.

Ferrite magnets, also known as ferromagnetic materials, are generally classified into two categories based on their magnetic coercivity, or persistence of internal magnetism: soft ferrites and hard ferrites. These categorizations do not refer to the actual hardness of the magnets -- both types are brittle ceramics -- but rather their magnetic coercivity. Depending on whether a magnet is soft or hard, it may have different applications. For instance, a hard ferrite magnet might be used in a radio or a hard disk. A soft ferrite magnetic would be used as a transformer core or an electromagnet core.

The strength of a ferrite magnet, like any other magnet, can be measured in teslas. One tesla represents one weber per square meter, with a weber being a unit of magnetic flux such that it would produce one volt of electricity if reduced to zero in one second. Starting with the weaker magnetic fields and moving to stronger: paramagnetic materials like aluminum or oxygen have a magnetic field of about 300 nanoteslas, the strength of the Earth's magnetic field is about 31 microteslas, the strength of a typical refrigerator magnet is about 5 milliteslas, the strength of a bar magnet is about 35 milliteslas, the strength of a loudspeaker magnet is about 1 T to 2.4 teslas, and the strength of the most powerful continuous magnetic field yet produced in a laboratory is 45 teslas.

What is NAMUR Solenoid Valve?

       The solenoid valve is an electromechanical valve for use with liquid or gas. The valve is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. Designed for direct mounting in any position on NAMUR interface, the NAMUR soenoid valve has anodized aluminum body, stainless steel spool, and brass internal parts. Spring return allows fail-safe operation in case of power loss, and screened exhaust nut protects valve function during outdoor use. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on a valve manifold.
       Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high reliability, long service life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact design. A solenoid valve has two main parts: the solenoid and the valve. The solenoid converts electrical energy into mechanical energy which, in turn, opens or closes the valve mechanically. A direct acting valve has only a small flow circuit, shown within section E of this diagram (this section is mentioned below as a pilot valve). This diaphragm piloted valve multiplies this small flow by using it to control the flow through a much larger orifice.
       The NAMUR Solenoid valve is used in fluid power pneumatic and hydraulic systems so as to control cylinders, fluid power motors or larger industrial valves. Automatic irrigation sprinkler systems also use solenoid valves with an automatic controller. Domestic washing machines and dishwashers use solenoid valves to control water entry to the machine. In the paintball industry, solenoid valves are usually referred to simply as "solenoids." Solenoid valves are used in dental chairs to control air flow. In the industry, "solenoid" may also refer to an electromechanical solenoid commonly used to actuate a sear.

The Steel Pipe Flange and Fittings in Plumbing System

       The steel pipe flange is widely used in the construction industry, but can also be found in a variety of manufacturing and industrial applications. In plumbing system, steel pipe can be used to transport liquids and gases for commercial and residential buildings, as well as in municipal water supplies. A flanged pipe is a type of pipe that has an area on the end that gives it a special function beyond a normal pipe. A flange may be inside or outside the pipe, and it usually allows the pipe to connect to a specific type of system. The flange makes the pipe thicker at the end and may make it wider as well, if the flange is on the outside. The chief reason to use a flanged pipe (steel pipe flange) is to make attaching and removing the pipe from the connected system easier.

       The steel pipe was once the most popular choice for supply of water and flammable gases. It is still used in many homes and businesses to convey natural gas or propane fuel, and is a popular choice in fire sprinkler systems due to its high heat resistance. In commercial buildings, steel pipe is used to convey heating or cooling water to heat exchangers, air handlers, fan coil, variable air volume (VAV) devices, or other HVAC equipment. And the pipe fittings are the occupation of installing or repairing piping or tubing systems that convey liquid, gas, and occasionally solid materials. This work involves selecting and preparing pipe or tubing, joining it together by various means, and the location and repair of leaks.

       Fitters work with a variety of pipe and tubing materials including several types of steel, copper, iron, aluminum, and plastic. Pipe fitting is not plumbing; the two are related but separate trades. Materials, techniques, and usages vary from country to country as different nations have different standards to install pipe.

Using Automotive Winch to Have Fun for Wakeskating

       If you are an enthusiast for water sports, then you must know the popular water activity, wakeskating. The tool for wakeakating is wakeskate winching, consisting of an engine, automotive winch, spool, rope, handle, frame, and some sort of simple transmission. The person being towed walks (or swims) away from the winch and pulls out all of the rope. When the winch is engaged, it pulls the boarder usually between 15 to 25 miles per hour (24 to 40 km/h). Winches are popular for people wanting to board on ponds and lakes, or just don't have a boat. Also, the winch can either be mounted on the trailer hitch of a vehicle by winch mounts, set into the ground by stakes, or tied to a tree. These winches have also been modified for use by skiers and snowboarders in cities.

       Wakeskating is a water sport and an adaptation of wakeboarding that employs a similar design of board manufactured from maple or from fibreglass. Unlike wakeboarding, the rider is not bound to the board in any way, which gives the sport its own unique challenges. Instead, the top surface of the board is covered with griptape, (in a similar fashion to a skateboard) or a soft, high-traction, foam, usually referred to as EVA foam, covering that is kinder to riders in the inevitable crashes and also allows a rider to ride barefoot. Riders usually wear shoes while riding to afford themselves extra purchases on the board, similar to skateboarding.

       Wakeskating, has in recent times become more and more urbanized due to the advent of the "winch". The automotive winch is a mechanical device with a small horizontal shaft engine that holds a spool of rope and pulls the rope in at riding speed. This invention has given wakeskaters the opportunity to ride in places never imagined possible before, making wakeskating more accessible than ever before.

Meet the Highly Reliable Electrolytic Capacitor, the Tantalum Capacitor

       The electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an electrolyte, an ionic conducting liquid, as one of its plates, to achieve a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types. They are often referred to in electronics usage simply as "electrolytics". They are used in relatively high-current and low-frequency electrical circuits, particularly in power supply filters, where they store charge needed to moderate output voltage and current fluctuations in rectifier output. There are two types of electrolytics; aluminum and tantalum. The tantalum capacitor is a highly reliable type of electrolytic capacitor, which is available in both solid-bodied and separately encased forms. The encased "wet" variant is not used often in modern designs. Surface mount tantalum capacitors are widely used in circuit designs because of their volumetric efficiency, basic reliability and process compatibility.

    The low leakage and high capacity of tantalum capacitor favors their use in sample and hold circuits to achieve long hold duration, and some long duration timing circuits where precise timing is not critical. They are also often used for power supply rail decoupling in parallel with film or ceramic capacitors which provide low ESR and low reactance at high frequency. Compared to aluminum electrolytics, tantalum capacitors have very stable capacitance, little DC leakage, and very low impedance at high frequencies. However, unlike aluminum electrolytics, they are intolerant of positive or negative voltage spikes and are destroyed (often exploding violently) if connected in the circuit backwards or exposed to spikes above their voltage rating.

    Moreover, tantalum capacitors are more expensive than aluminum-based capacitors and generally only available in low-voltage versions, but because of their smaller size for a given capacitance and lower impedance at high frequencies they are popular in miniature applications such as cellular telephones.

Meet GTC, a reliable manufacturer

GT Contact (GTC), a major manufacturer of rugged connectors, announces the availability of its full line of miniaturized, robust and cost-effective connectors.

Meeting the stringent standards of TUV, ISO 9001 and ISO 14001, the GTC offers a variety of connectors for the industrial market including IP67, IP68, magnetic, Ethernet RJ-45, USB, D-Sub, M12/M8, and circular connectors.

The GTC family of circular connectors is available from 2 to 26 contacts.  To assure a secure and reliable connection both screw-type and bayonet style mating is available.  Time and cost during on-site installation and repair can be minimized by use of GTC's field-installable circular connectors.  Rugged DC-plug connectors provide compact portable devices a solution to meet IP67 specifications, and they are also an industry-first innovation.

Remember to Wear the Safety Goggles When You Go Skiing

       If you are planning to go to some famous ski resort to enjoy the snow sports, don’t forget to prepare your ski equipments. There’s one protection device I would like to discuss about in this article, that’s safety goggles. Safety goggles are forms of protective eyewear that usually enclose or protect the area surrounding the eye in order to prevent particulates, water or chemicals from striking the eyes. In snow sports, they are used to prevent the snow blindness, which is caused by the exposure of your eyes to the ultraviolet (UV) rays.

       The snow blindness is also called photokeratitis or ultraviolet keratitis. It is a painful eye condition caused by exposure of insufficiently protected eyes to the ultraviolet (UV) rays from either natural or artificial sources. Photokeratitis is akin to the sunburn of the cornea and conjunctiva, and is not usually noticed until several hours after exposure. Symptoms include increased tears and a feeling of pain, likened to having sand in the eyes.

       The injury may be prevented by wearing eye protection that blocks most of the ultraviolet radiation, such as safety goggles with the proper filters, a welder's helmet, sunglasses rated for sufficient UV protection, or appropriate snow safety glasses. The condition is usually managed by removal from the source of ultraviolet, covering the corneas, and administration of pain relief. Photokeratitis is known by a number of different terms including: snow blindness, arc eye, welder's flash, bake eyes, corneal flash burns, flash burns, niphablepsia, or keratoconjunctivitis photoelectrica.

       The pain may be temporarily alleviated with anaesthetic eye drops for the examination; however, it is not used for continued treatment as anaesthesia of the eye interferes with corneal healing, and may lead to corneal ulceration and even loss of the eye. Cool, wet compresses over the eyes and artificial tears may help local symptoms when the feeling returns. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) eyedrops are widely used to lessen inflammation and eye pain, but have not been proven in rigorous trials. Systemic (oral) pain medication is given if discomfort is severe. Healing is usually rapid (24–72 hours) if the injury source is removed. Further injury should be avoided by isolation in a dark room, removing contact lenses, not rubbing the eyes, and wearing sunglasses or safety glasses until the symptoms improve.

 

The Structure of Ignition Coil

       The ignition coil is a simple device which is basically a high-voltage transformer made up of two coils of wire. One coil of wire is called the primary coil. Wrapped around it is the secondary coil. The secondary coil normally has hundreds of times more turns of wire than the primary coil. The ignition coil looks like an electromagnet, but it is an inductor as well. The key to the coil's operation is what happens when the circuit is suddenly broken by the points. The magnetic field of the primary coil collapses rapidly. The secondary coil is engulfed by a powerful and changing magnetic field. This field induces a current in the coils -- a very high-voltage current (up to 100,000 volts) because of the number of coils in the secondary winding. The secondary coil feeds this voltage to the distributor via a very well insulated, high-voltage wire.

       In the ignition system, a distributor cap is used in an automobile's engine to cover the distributor and its internal rotor. It has one post for each cylinder, and in points ignition systems there is a central post for the current from the ignition coil coming into the distributor. In high energy ignition (HEI) systems there is no central post and the ignition coil sits on top of the distributor. On the inside of the cap there is a terminal that corresponds to each post, and the plug terminals are arranged around the circumference of the cap according to the firing order in order to send the secondary voltage to the proper spark plug at the right time.

       Car engines that use a mechanical ignition distributor may fail if they run into deep puddles because any water that leaks into the distributor can short out the electric current that should go through the spark plug, rerouting it directly to the body of the vehicle. This in turn causes the engine to stop as the fuel is not ignited in the cylinders. The distributor cap is a prime example of a component that eventually succumbs to heat and vibration. It is a relatively easy and inexpensive part to replace if its bakelite housing does not break or crack first. Carbon deposit accumulation or erosion of its metal terminals may also cause distributor-cap failure.

The Solar Street Light Saves the Energy from Wind and Solar Power

       If you still don’t know what solar street light is, you are definitely out of date! In recent year, people start to reconsider the use of energy. Since the dominant energy source, oil, has become more and more expensive, for the storage reduce continuously, engineers and scientists begin to search other substitute energy source. Other than that, experts warn that our earth has been polluted seriously by human beings. Therefore, the green energy should be value more than any other time. Solar energy, one of the substitute energy, is eco-friendly and without any pollution. It can generate power just by sun light.

       Solar energy is not available at night, making energy storage an important issue in order to provide the continuous availability of energy. Both wind power and solar power are intermittent energy sources, meaning that all available output must be taken when it is available and either stored for when it can be used, or transported, over transmission lines, to where it can be used. Wind power and solar power tend to be somewhat complementary, as there tends to be more wind in the winter and more sun in the summer, but on days with no sun and no wind the difference needs to be made up in some manner. That’s the basic concept of how solar street light operate, using both wind power and solar power to generate electric. The Institute for Solar Energy Supply Technology of the University of Kassel pilot-tested a combined power plant linking solar, wind, biogas and hydrostorage to provide load-following power around the clock, entirely from renewable sources.

       Daylighting systems collect and distribute sunlight to provide interior illumination. This passive technology directly offsets energy use by replacing artificial lighting, and indirectly offsets non-solar energy use by reducing the need for air-conditioning. Although difficult to quantify, the use of natural lighting also offers physiological and psychological benefits compared to artificial lighting. Daylighting design implies careful selection of window types, sizes and orientation; exterior shading devices may be considered as well. Individual features include sawtooth roofs, clerestory windows, light shelves, skylights and light tubes. The solar outdoor lighting may be incorporated into existing structures, but are most effective when integrated into a solar design package that accounts for factors such as glare, heat flux and time-of-use. When daylighting features are properly implemented they can reduce lighting-related energy requirements by 25%.

 

The Dress Code for Wearing Law Enforcement Uniform in UK

       The law enforcement uniform (police uniform) and equipment in the United Kingdom have varied considerably from the inception of what was to become the earliest recognizable mainstream police force in the country with the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829. Allowing the formation of the Metropolitan Police Service, and the various County Police Acts, policing became a more standardized practice in the United Kingdom throughout the late nineteenth century, the uniforms and equipment became equally standardized.
       For much of the twentieth century up to the mid 1990s, male police officers wore a formal work jacket with polished silver buttons, and black trousers with a sewn in truncheon pocket as their law enforcement uniform. No stab vest was worn and much less equipment was carried than is today. Following concerns about the police uniforms safety it was suggested that the uniform should be changed.
       From the 1990s it was generally accepted that the police could patrol in "shirt-sleeve order" which meant that they need not wear the jacket. In 1994 the Home Office, in agreement with the government and on the cooperation of many Chief Constables, changed the uniform from the business attire with no protection of the torso, to a uniform with black trousers, Blue NATO Jumper, stab vest, duty belt and reflective jacket. In general, these have taken their lead from the Metropolitan Police Service, due to it being recognized as the first police service in England. The base colour is a very dark blue, almost indistinguishable from black (and recently often is black), which earned the police the nickname of the "boys in blue".

The Function of Jockey Wheel

     From the above picture, we can see clearly the supports under the caravan A-frame. The bolted-on jockey wheel has been moved off to one side to make space for the weight distribution hitch. A wheel cradle under the jockey wheel stops the van moving sideways unexpectedly. The stand under the A-frame opposite the jockey wheel provides very firm support for the front end of the caravan and reduces reliance on the jockey wheel. Both supports under the front end give more flexibility in setting up the van.
       When jockey wheels are subject to a great deal of dust and road grime, the replacement is needed. Foreign particles find their way into the mechanisms of the jockey wheel and in particular cause corrosion and pitting of the ball race and its cup washers – components that take the load when you wind up the front of the caravan. This wear results in a grinding, rough feel as you turn the handle. By replacing the worn or pitted ball race, the jockey wheel can be made to feel like new again. You might also consider a way to keep moisture out of the mechanism if the device is left outdoors for prolonged periods.

The Overview of DVI Digital Cable

       The Digital–visual interface (DVI) is a video interface standard covering the transmission of video between a source device and a display device. The DVI digital cable standard has achieved widespread acceptance in the PC industry, both in desktop PCs and monitors. Most contemporary retail desktop PCs and LCD monitors feature a DVI interface, and many other devices (such as projectors and consumer televisions) support DVI indirectly through HDMI VGA cable, another video interface standard. Most laptops still have legacy VGA and, in some models, HDMI ports, but fewer have DVI.

       The maximum length of DVI cables is not included in the specification since it is dependent on the pixel clock frequency, and hence the video mode's bandwidth requirements (which is a function of resolution and refresh rate). In general, cable lengths up to 4.5 m (15 ft) will work for displays at resolutions of 1,920 × 1,200. This resolution will work even up to 10 m (33 ft) if appropriate cable is used. Cable lengths up to 15 m (50 ft) can be used with displays at resolutions up to 1,280 × 1,024. For longer distances, the use of a DVI booster is recommended to mitigate signal degradation. DVI boosters may use an external power supply.

       The variety of DVI connection types can be confusing. If you use the wrong type of DVI digital cable for the connection you need to make, your video won't get through. In general, there are only two signal types which run through DVI connectors. The two types are digital and analog, and they are incompatible with one another. If you use a DVI cable to connect a device that sends out only digital signals to a device that accepts only analog signals, or vice versa, you'll get no signal; consequently, the first question you have to answer is whether your devices can talk to each other at all.

 

The Properties of Titanium Pipe

       Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium, molybdenum, among other elements, to produce strong lightweight alloys for aerospace (jet engines, missiles, and spacecraft), military, industrial process (titanium pipe for chemicals and petro-chemicals, desalination plants, pulp, and paper), automotive, agri-food, medical prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental and endodontic instruments and files, dental implants, sporting goods, jewelry, mobile phones, and other applications. The two most useful properties of this metal form are corrosion resistance and the highest strength-to-weight ratio of any metal.

       Welded titanium pipe and process equipment (heat exchangers, tanks, process vessels, valves) are used in the chemical and petrochemical industries primarily for corrosion resistance. Specific alloys are used in downhole and nickel hydrometallurgy applications due to their high strength, corrosion resistance, or combination of both. The pulp and paper industry uses titanium in process equipment exposed to corrosive media such as sodium hypochlorite or wet chlorine gas (in the bleachery).

 

The Durable and Strong Polycarbonate Sheet

       The polycarbonate sheet is a flat high quality plastic sheet that can be used for glazing various types of windows such as skylights, architectural glazing as well as standard glazing. Polycarbonate (PC) is a particular group of thermoplastic polymers. They are easily worked, moulded, and thermoformed. The characteristics of PC are quite like those of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA, acrylic), but polycarbonate sheet is stronger, usable in a wider temperature range. This polymer is highly transparent to visible light and has better light transmission characteristics than many kinds of glass.

       The characteristics of using polycarbonate sheet are high impact resistance, great insulation, weather proof, long life, lightweight, and easy installation. First of all, it is perfect for security windows and situations where “Unbreakable Windows” are needed such as an aeroplane. Furthermore, it can also maintain a great resistance to all types of weather, as well as be a great electrical and acoustic insulator. Last but not least, PC sheet has an extremely long life. Although it light-weighted, it’s strong and durable enough. 

 

The Cosmetic Manufacturing Business for Cosmetic Manufacturers

        Cosmetic manufacturers have become one of the most profitable types of manufacturers in the world. By cosmetic products, we understand anything that is intended for personal care such as skin lotions or sun lotions, makeup and other such products meant to emphasize one's look. Given the technological development and the improvement of the manufacturing process of cosmetics and not least due to the constantly increasing demand of such products, this industry reported an important growth in terms of profit.        Cosmetics are substances used to enhance the appearance or odor of the human body. Cosmetics include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, towelettes, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, hair sprays and gels, deodorants, hand sanitizer, baby products, bath oils, bubble baths, bath salts, butters and many other types of products. A subset of cosmetics is called "make-up," which refers primarily to colored products intended to alter the user’s appearance. Many cosmetic manufacturers distinguish between decorative cosmetics and care cosmetics.
       The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which regulates cosmetics in the United States defines cosmetics as: "intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions." This broad definition includes, as well, any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. The FDA specifically excludes soap from this category.